一、鉆孔的概念與鉆頭以及鉆削特點
1．鉆孔的(de)概念
內孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)是零(ling)(ling)件(jian)上的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)之一，根據零(ling)(ling)件(jian)在機(ji)械產品中的(de)(de)作用不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)結(jie)構的(de)(de)內孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)有不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)精度和表(biao)面(mian)(mian)質量要(yao)(yao)求。按(an)照孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)與其他零(ling)(ling)件(jian)的(de)(de)相對連接關系(xi)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，可分(fen)為配合孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)與非配合孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)；按(an)其幾何特(te)征的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，可分(fen)為通孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)、盲孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)、階梯(ti)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)、錐(zhui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)等；按(an)其幾何形狀不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，可分(fen)為圓孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，非圓孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)等。由于孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加工(gong)是對零(ling)(ling)件(jian)內表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)加工(gong)，對加工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)觀(guan)察、控制困難(nan)，加工(gong)難(nan)度要(yao)(yao)比(bi)外圓表(biao)面(mian)(mian)等開放型表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)加工(gong)大(da)得多(duo)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)加工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)主要(yao)(yao)有以下幾個方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)特(te)點：
(1)孔(kong)(kong)加工刀具(ju)多為(wei)定尺(chi)寸刀具(ju)，如鉆頭、鉸刀等，刀具(ju)磨損造成的形狀和(he)尺(chi)寸的變化會直接影響被加工孔(kong)(kong)的精度(du)。
(2)由于受(shou)被加(jia)工(gong)孔尺(chi)寸的(de)限(xian)制，切削(xue)速度很(hen)難提高(gao)，影響加(jia)工(gong)生(sheng)產率和加(jia)工(gong)表面質量(liang)。
(3)刀(dao)具的結構受孔尺寸的直(zhi)徑和長度的限制，剛性較差(cha)。
(4)孔(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)時，刀具(ju)一般是在(zai)半封閉的空(kong)問工(gong)作，切屑排除困難；冷卻液難以進(jin)入加(jia)(jia)工(gong)區域，散熱條件不(bu)好。鉆孔(kong)(kong)是用(yong)鉆頭(tou)在(zai)實體材(cai)料(liao)上(shang)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)孔(kong)(kong)的方(fang)法(fa)。在(zai)鉆床(chuang)卜．鉆孔(kong)(kong)，工(gong)件固定不(bu)動，鉆頭(tou)一邊(bian)(bian)旋轉（主軸(zhou)運(yun)動稱為主運(yun)動），一邊(bian)(bian)軸(zhou)向(xiang)向(xiang)下(xia)移動（稱為進(jin)給運(yun)動）。由于(yu)(yu)鉆頭(tou)結構上(shang)存(cun)在(zai)著剛度差和導(dao)向(xiang)性差等觖點，因(yin)而影響了加(jia)(jia)工(gong)質量，鉆孔(kong)(kong)屬于(yu)(yu)粗加(jia)(jia)工(gong)。
2．鉆頭
鉗工(gong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具通常(chang)有鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)和(he)(he)(he)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔所(suo)用(yong)鉗工(gong)常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)有；臺式(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)、直式(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)、搖臂鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)等(deng)。這些設備前(qian)(qian)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)已經介紹過了(le)，在(zai)此不(bu)贅述了(le)。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)是(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)刀(dao)削(xue)刀(dao)具，它由柄(bing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、頸部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)(he)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，柄(bing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾持部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，用(yong)于與機(ji)床(chuang)聯(lian)接，起定(ding)心(xin)和(he)(he)(he)傳遞動力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)柄(bing)有錐柄(bing)和(he)(he)(he)直柄(bing)兩(liang)(liang)種，一(yi)般直徑(jing)小于13mm為(wei)直柄(bing)，直柄(bing)傳遞扭矩(ju)力較小；直徑(jing)大于13mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)錐柄(bing)，錐柄(bing)可(ke)傳遞較大扭矩(ju)。頸部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)為(wei)磨制鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)供砂輪退(tui)刃(ren)所(suo)用(yong)。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規格、材料和(he)(he)(he)商(shang)標(biao)一(yi)般刻印(yin)在(zai)頸部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)。麻(ma)花鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)又分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)和(he)(he)(he)導向(xiang)兩(liang)(liang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，工(gong)作(zuo)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)是(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，前(qian)(qian)端(duan)為(wei)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，承擔主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)工(gong)作(zuo)}后(hou)端(duan)為(wei)導向(xiang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，起引導鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，也是(shi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)備部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。其(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料一(yi)般用(yong)高速(su)鋼制成(cheng)，淬火后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)可(ke)達HRC62～68，其(qi)柄(bing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料一(yi)般采用(yong)45鋼。麻(ma)花鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)有兩(liang)(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)對稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)螺旋(xuan)槽，用(yong)來形成(cheng)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)槽，且作(zuo)輸送切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)液(ye)和(he)(he)(he)排(pai)屑之用(yong)。前(qian)(qian)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)有兩(liang)(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)對稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)刃(ren)，兩(liang)(liang)刃(ren)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角稱為(wei)鋒角，一(yi)般為(wei)116-118度(du)。兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交線叫作(zuo)橫(heng)(heng)刃(ren)。導向(xiang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)刃(ren)帶(dai)在(zai)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)時(shi)起導向(xiang)作(zuo)用(yong)，同時(shi)叉能減小鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)與工(gong)件孔壁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦。標(biao)準麻(ma)花鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)由五刃(ren)（兩(liang)(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)主(zhu)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)刃(ren)、兩(liang)(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)副(fu)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削(xue)刃(ren)和(he)(he)(he)一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)橫(heng)(heng)刃(ren)）和(he)(he)(he)六面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)（兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)前(qian)(qian)刀(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)后(hou)刀(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)(he)(he)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)副(fu)后(hou)刀(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)）組成(cheng)。
二、鉆削特點
鉆削(xue)(xue)時，鉆頭是在半封(feng)閉的(de)狀態下進行切削(xue)(xue)的(de)，轉速高，切削(xue)(xue)用量大，排屑又很困(kun)難(nan)，因此鉆削(xue)(xue)具有如下特點：
(1)摩擦比較嚴重(zhong)，需(xu)要較大的鉆削力；
(2)產(chan)生的(de)熱量多，而傳熱、散熱困(kun)難，閼此(ci)切(qie)削(xue)溫度較高；
(3)鉆頭的高速旋轉以及(ji)由此而產(chan)生的較高切削溫度，易造(zao)成鉆頭嚴重(zhong)磨損；
(4)鉆削時的(de)擠壓和摩擦容(rong)易產(chan)生孔壁的(de)冷(leng)作硬化(hua)現象，給下(xia)道(dao)工(gong)序(xu)加工(gong)增(zeng)加困難(nan)；
(5)鉆頭細長，穩定性差(cha)，鉆削時(shi)容易產生振動及引偏；
(6)加(jia)工(gong)精度低。
三、鉆孔的操作方法和步驟
在工件表面正確劃線，并(bing)打上(shang)樣沖(chong)眼，鉆(zhan)孔(kong)前(qian)應把孔(kong)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)樣沖(chong)眼用樣沖(chong)再沖(chong)大一些，使鉆(zhan)頭的(de)橫刃(ren)預先落入樣沖(chong)眼的(de)錐坑(keng)中(zhong)，這樣鉆(zhan)孔(kong)時鉆(zhan)頭不易偏離孔(kong)的(de)中(zhong)心(xin)。
1．鉆床(chuang)的(de)選(xuan)擇
鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)種類較多，但大體上(shang)可(ke)分(fen)為臺(tai)式(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、立式(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、搖臂鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)。臺(tai)式(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)一般用來鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)削(xue)小型工件上(shang)直徑D<13mm的(de)(de)孔(kong)，它采用皮帶(dai)傳動(dong)，變(bian)(bian)速(su)來用五級塔輪，改變(bian)(bian)V型帶(dai)在(zai)兩(liang)個塔輪槽的(de)(de)不同安(an)裝位置(zhi)，可(ke)使主軸獲(huo)得5種速(su)度(du)。立式(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)與(yu)搖臂鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)主要(yao)用來鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)削(xue)較大工件上(shang)的(de)(de)孔(kong)，一般最大鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)直徑為25，35，40，50mm，直式(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)傳動(dong)是采用齒輪傳動(dong)。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)裝有(you)正、反開(kai)關，鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)在(zai)使用時變(bian)(bian)換速(su)度(du)必(bi)須(xu)(xu)要(yao)先停(ting)車，待機床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)停(ting)穩后方可(ke)調整速(su)度(du)，特別注意；鉗工在(zai)使用鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)時嚴禁戴手(shou)套操作(zuo)，女同學(xue)必(bi)須(xu)(xu)戴工作(zuo)帽。
2．鉆頭(tou)的選擇
選(xuan)擇麻花鉆(zhan)頭主要(yao)依據(ju)兩點，一是工件需要(yao)鉆(zhan)孔的(de)直徑尺寸，二(er)是鉆(zhan)削的(de)材料。
3．鉆(zhan)頭的(de)安(an)裝與拆卸
直柄鉆頭(tou)(tou)可插入(ru)鉆夾頭(tou)(tou)，用鉆夾頭(tou)(tou)鑰匙旋緊(jin)，不能打擊鉆夾頭(tou)(tou)，以免(mian)損壞夾頭(tou)(tou)及(ji)鉆床。錐(zhui)(zhui)柄鉆頭(tou)(tou)應與鉆床主軸莫氏錐(zhui)(zhui)孔一致時方可裝入(ru)，如錐(zhui)(zhui)度不一致可選(xuan)用鉆套（錐(zhui)(zhui)套）；拆(chai)卸時錐(zhui)(zhui)鉆可用斜鐵打擊卸下，不能直接打擊鉆頭(tou)(tou)。
4．正確選(xuan)擇(ze)工件的裝夾方法(fa)
鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔中的(de)安全事故(gu)，大都是(shi)由(you)于工(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)夾(jia)持方法(fa)不對造成的(de)。因此，應注意工(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)夾(jia)持。鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔時由(you)于切削力較大，所以工(gong)(gong)件(jian)必須要夾(jia)緊(jin)，不能(neng)松動(dong)。裝夾(jia)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)形狀聯系(xi)密切，鉗工(gong)(gong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔時工(gong)(gong)件(jian)裝夾(jia)方法(fa)如下：
(1)對于(yu)小件(jian)(jian)和薄(bo)板(ban)零件(jian)(jian)鉆孔，可將工件(jian)(jian)放置(zhi)在定位塊上，要用臺虎鉗夾持工件；
(2)對于(yu)較小平整的工件(jian)或中等零件(jian)，可用(yong)平口(kou)鉗夾緊，裝(zhuang)夾時，應使劃線工件(jian)表面與鉆頭垂直(zhi)；鉆孔直(zhi)徑在8mm以(yi)上時，必(bi)須將(jiang)平口(kou)鉗用(yong)螺栓、壓板固定；
(3)對(dui)于在圓柱形(xing)工(gong)件(jian)側面鉆(zhan)孔(kong)的(de)工(gong)件(jian)，可以采用V型鐵裝(zhuang)(zhuang)夾工(gong)件(jian)，裝(zhuang)(zhuang)夾時，應(ying)使鉆(zhan)頭軸線(xian)垂直(zhi)通(tong)過(guo)V形(xing)體的(de)對(dui)稱平面，保證鉆(zhan)出(chu)孔(kong)的(de)中心(xin)線(xian)通(tong)過(guo)工(gong)件(jian)軸心(xin)線(xian)；
(4)對于工(gong)件較大和其他(ta)不適合用虎鉗夾緊的工(gong)件，可直接用壓板螺釘固定在鉆床工(gong)作臺上；
(5)對于大型工件在鉆孔時(shi)除壓緊以外(wai)，還應采用千斤頂支(zhi)承(cheng)，防止工件受(shou)力變形；
(6)對(dui)于大批量工件(jian)的鉆孔加工可采用鉆模裝夾定位。
5．鉆孔
先恰當選(xuan)擇轉速，檢查鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)運轉是(shi)否(fou)正常；然后(hou)慢(man)慢(man)將(jiang)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)軸把(ba)手掩下，將(jiang)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭對準已經提(ti)前打(da)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣沖眼(yan)，準備起鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)；起鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)待鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭旋轉平穩后(hou)再(zai)接觸(chu)工(gong)件表面(mian)，把(ba)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭對準孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中心（樣沖眼(yan)）先試鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一個(ge)(ge)約孔(kong)徑(jing)(jing)1/4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)坑(keng)，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)觀(guan)察(cha)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)位(wei)置是(shi)否(fou)正確(que)，如(ru)(ru)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錐(zhui)坑(keng)與所(suo)劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)圓周線(xian)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)心，應(ying)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)借正。所(suo)謂借正是(shi)指如(ru)(ru)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錐(zhui)坑(keng)與所(suo)劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)圓周線(xian)偏(pian)位(wei)較少，可(ke)(ke)(ke)移動(dong)工(gong)件（在(zai)(zai)起鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)力將(jiang)工(gong)件向(xiang)偏(pian)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反方向(xiang)推移）或(huo)移動(dong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)主軸（搖臂鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)）來借正；如(ru)(ru)偏(pian)位(wei)較多，可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)借正方向(xiang)打(da)幾(ji)(ji)個(ge)(ge)樣沖眼(yan)或(huo)用(yong)油槽鏨鏨出(chu)(chu)(chu)幾(ji)(ji)條(tiao)槽。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)給(gei)力不(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)太大(da)，以免使(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)軸線(xian)歪斜。要(yao)(yao)經常退鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)排(pai)(pai)屑(xie)。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)深(shen)孔(kong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，若鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)(jin)深(shen)度達到直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3倍，鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭就要(yao)(yao)退出(chu)(chu)(chu)排(pai)(pai)屑(xie)一次，以后(hou)每鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)(jin)一定深(shen)度，鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭就要(yao)(yao)退出(chu)(chu)(chu)排(pai)(pai)屑(xie)一次。應(ying)防止連續鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)(jin)，使(shi)切屑(xie)堵(du)塞在(zai)(zai)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)螺(luo)旋槽內而折斷鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)將(jiang)穿(chuan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，必(bi)須(xu)減小進(jin)(jin)給(gei)量(liang)，如(ru)(ru)果采用(yong)自動(dong)進(jin)(jin)給(gei)，則應(ying)改為手動(dong)進(jin)(jin)給(gei)。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)過程中加注(zhu)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玲卻(que)潤(run)滑液(ye)，使(shi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭散熱、冷卻(que)、減少摩擦(ca)，提(ti)高孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)延(yan)長鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)(bu)通孔(kong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)按所(suo)需(xu)(xu)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)深(shen)度調整鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)床(chuang)擋塊限(xian)(xian)位(wei)，當所(suo)需(xu)(xu)孔(kong)深(shen)度要(yao)(yao)求不(bu)(bu)高時(shi)(shi)(shi)，也可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)表尺限(xian)(xian)位(wei)。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭用(yong)鈍后(hou)必(bi)須(xu)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)修磨。
四、鉆孔的注意事項
特別要求做到：
(1)鉆孔前檢查設備是否安牟叮(ding)靠，工(gong)件裝夾是否牢(lao)固；
(2)在工(gong)作(zuo)臺上安裝(zhuang)夾具(ju)或(huo)直接安裝(zhuang)工(gong)件(jian)的(de)時候，必須將臺面的(de)切屑(xie)、污(wu)垢擦凈，否(fou)則夾具(ju)或(huo)工(gong)件(jian)不能放(fang)正；
(3)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)時，操作要集中注意力，鉆(zhan)孔(kong)要戴防(fang)護(hu)眼鏡。以防(fang)鉆(zhan)屑乜(mie)出傷害眼睛；
(4)不(bu)準戴(dai)手套(tao)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)及使用(yong)棉紗(sha)頭，袖口必須(xu)扎緊，以防鉆頭卷住手套(tao)而(er)傷(shang)害(hai)手指(zhi)；女同(tong)學必須(xu)戴(dai)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)帽；不(bu)能用(yong)手直接扶(fu)持小工(gong)件、薄(bo)工(gong)件，以免造成傷(shang)害(hai)事(shi)故。
(5)鉆通(tong)孔時(shi)，工件下面應(ying)襯墊鐵(tie)，防止損壞工作臺，孔將鉆穿時(shi)，要盡量(liang)減(jian)小進給力；
(6)鉆(zhan)床主軸換(huan)速、調(diao)換(huan)鉆(zhan)頭和(he)裝(zhuang)拆工件時，必須停車后(hou)進(jin)行；
(7)清除切屑應用刷子(zi)刷，不可用手抹或(huo)用嘴吹，并(bing)且必須在停車后進行；
(8)頭不準(zhun)與旋轉昀(yun)主軸靠的太近，停(ting)車時(shi)應該(gai)讓主軸自然停(ting)止，不可(ke)用(yong)手去剎住，也不可(ke)用(yong)反(fan)轉制動。
五、標準麻花鉆的磨鉆頭方法