許 鑫
(太原(yuan)工業學院 機械工程系，山(shan)西 太原(yuan) 030008)
摘要：針(zhen)對(dui)普通夾(jia)具在(zai)使用過程中的(de)局限性(xing)，創新地(di)在(zai)夾(jia)具中設計了(le)夾(jia)持(chi)力調整機構和多種能(neng)適(shi)應曲面形(xing)態工件的(de)夾(jia)頭，以實現(xian)對(dui)異形(xing)工件更好地(di)夾(jia)持(chi)和保護。
關鍵詞：夾持力；夾具；設計
在日常的(de)(de)(de)生產生活(huo)中，我們會見到一(yi)些(xie)不(bu)同(tong)形狀、不(bu)同(tong)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)物件(jian)在鉆孔或打磨的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中需要(yao)被(bei)夾(jia)(jia)持(chi)(chi)固定，以(yi)便于加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。如一(yi)些(xie)被(bei)人(ren)們喜愛的(de)(de)(de)把(ba)玩(wan)物件(jian)、葫蘆、千(qian)眼菩(pu)提等，這些(xie)物件(jian)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)形態以(yi)曲(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)為主，且表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)要(yao)求光滑(hua)、細膩、手感好。在這些(xie)物件(jian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，如果(guo)我們采(cai)用(yong)普通(tong)夾(jia)(jia)具(ju)(ju)夾(jia)(jia)持(chi)(chi)則(ze)會導致夾(jia)(jia)具(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)物件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)曲(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)直(zhi)接接觸，這樣可能(neng)會對工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)物件(jian)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)造(zao)成剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)損傷，降低其觀(guan)賞(shang)性(xing)(xing)和把(ba)玩(wan)的(de)(de)(de)手感。另外在普通(tong)夾(jia)(jia)具(ju)(ju)夾(jia)(jia)緊工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，夾(jia)(jia)緊力恒定，而(er)且為了夾(jia)(jia)緊工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)往往會對工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)施(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)(jia)緊力。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實踐中我們發現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，有(you)時夾(jia)(jia)緊力不(bu)當，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)脆性(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了直(zhi)接被(bei)夾(jia)(jia)碎的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象，工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)報廢，造(zao)成了直(zhi)接的(de)(de)(de)經濟損失。實踐證明，普通(tong)夾(jia)(jia)具(ju)(ju)并不(bu)能(neng)對曲(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)形態為主的(de)(de)(de)異形工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)進行有(you)效夾(jia)(jia)持(chi)(chi)，有(you)些(xie)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場甚至出現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)直(zhi)接用(yong)雙手把(ba)持(chi)(chi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)進行加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象。為了避免施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中人(ren)員受傷，以(yi)及減(jian)少夾(jia)(jia)具(ju)(ju)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)整體(ti)和表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)損傷，筆者嘗試設計了一(yi)種(zhong)既(ji)宜于夾(jia)(jia)持(chi)(chi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)曲(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)形態的(de)(de)(de)異形工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)，又(you)能(neng)在夾(jia)(jia)緊過程(cheng)中提供彈性(xing)(xing)夾(jia)(jia)持(chi)(chi)力的(de)(de)(de)多功能(neng)通(tong)用(yong)夾(jia)(jia)具(ju)(ju)。
本(ben)文設計的這款夾具(ju)(ju)具(ju)(ju)有(you)夾持力可調整(zheng)(zheng)的功能，主要用于具(ju)(ju)有(you)不規則形(xing)狀和不同(tong)材質工件的夾持固定。夾具(ju)(ju)為(wei)對稱分(fen)(fen)布(bu)，整(zheng)(zheng)體分(fen)(fen)兩(liang)大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，一部(bu)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)直(zhi)線運動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，另一部(bu)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)靜止部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。夾具(ju)(ju)的主體結構如圖(tu)1所示(shi)。
2.1 多(duo)功能夾具(ju)直線運動部分結構設計
移(yi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)夾(jia)具(ju)支撐(cheng)架(jia)4為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)主體，滑(hua)動(dong)(dong)(dong)桿18裝于(yu)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)夾(jia)具(ju)支撐(cheng)架(jia)4的(de)(de)孔中，兩者過(guo)(guo)(guo)盈(ying)配合(he)(he)無(wu)相對運動(dong)(dong)(dong)；兩根滑(hua)動(dong)(dong)(dong)桿的(de)(de)另一端(duan)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)滑(hua)動(dong)(dong)(dong)桿固(gu)定(ding)件14固(gu)定(ding)在一起(qi)，同(tong)為(wei)過(guo)(guo)(guo)盈(ying)配合(he)(he)(通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)旋(xuan)緊(jin)螺(luo)(luo)釘使滑(hua)動(dong)(dong)(dong)桿18與滑(hua)動(dong)(dong)(dong)桿固(gu)定(ding)件14處于(yu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)盈(ying)配合(he)(he)狀(zhuang)態)，絲(si)(si)杠(gang)無(wu)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)端(duan)2與移(yi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)夾(jia)具(ju)支撐(cheng)架(jia)4通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)卡簧19來軸(zhou)向(xiang)限位，二者不(bu)能(neng)發生(sheng)軸(zhou)向(xiang)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，只(zhi)能(neng)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)；絲(si)(si)杠(gang)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)端(duan)15與絲(si)(si)杠(gang)無(wu)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)端(duan)2為(wei)同(tong)一零件的(de)(de)兩個部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，絲(si)(si)杠(gang)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)端(duan)15與靜止部(bu)分(fen)(fen)夾(jia)具(ju)支撐(cheng)架(jia)16為(wei)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)連接，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)旋(xuan)桿3帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)絲(si)(si)杠(gang)無(wu)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)端(duan)2轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，使直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)整體沿絲(si)(si)杠(gang)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)端(duan)軸(zhou)向(xiang)作直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)來夾(jia)緊(jin)或(huo)松開工(gong)件。
移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分夾(jia)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)支(zhi)撐架4上的(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)固(gu)定(ding)裝置較(jiao)普通(tong)夾(jia)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)也有(you)所改(gai)良，傳統夾(jia)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)在(zai)(zai)夾(jia)緊(jin)工(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)往往力是不可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)，一(yi)用力就可(ke)(ke)(ke)能使質地較(jiao)軟(ruan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)變(bian)形或(huo)工(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)表(biao)面(mian)出現較(jiao)大(da)損傷；固(gu)定(ding)端(duan)夾(jia)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)9的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)機構由螺(luo)(luo)(luo)母5、滑(hua)(hua)桿(gan)(gan)7、彈(dan)(dan)簧6、夾(jia)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)固(gu)定(ding)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)8組成(cheng)，通(tong)過(guo)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)螺(luo)(luo)(luo)母5可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)適(shi)當地放松或(huo)收(shou)緊(jin)彈(dan)(dan)簧以(yi)(yi)調整(zheng)該夾(jia)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)緊(jin)力；夾(jia)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)固(gu)定(ding)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)8與(yu)滑(hua)(hua)桿(gan)(gan)7緊(jin)固(gu)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起，由于(yu)夾(jia)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)固(gu)定(ding)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)8與(yu)移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分夾(jia)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)支(zhi)撐架4組成(cheng)簡易的(de)(de)(de)直線導軌，故夾(jia)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)固(gu)定(ding)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)8可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分夾(jia)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)支(zhi)撐架4上滑(hua)(hua)動(dong)，滑(hua)(hua)桿(gan)(gan)7與(yu)移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分夾(jia)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)支(zhi)撐架4為軸孔間(jian)隙配合連(lian)接(jie)，二者可(ke)(ke)(ke)相對滑(hua)(hua)動(dong)起導向作用，同時(shi)(shi)又防止在(zai)(zai)夾(jia)緊(jin)時(shi)(shi)由于(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩過(guo)大(da)造(zao)成(cheng)對夾(jia)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)固(gu)定(ding)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)8和移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分夾(jia)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)支(zhi)撐架4的(de)(de)(de)損壞。彈(dan)(dan)簧6要求具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)性系(xi)數，彈(dan)(dan)簧6套在(zai)(zai)滑(hua)(hua)桿(gan)(gan)7上使夾(jia)緊(jin)工(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)夾(jia)緊(jin)力有(you)一(yi)個緩變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程，當夾(jia)緊(jin)工(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)控制(zhi)絲杠無螺(luo)(luo)(luo)紋端(duan)2的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)來控制(zhi)彈(dan)(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)縮(suo)量進而控制(zhi)夾(jia)緊(jin)工(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)力的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)，當需(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)緊(jin)力很大(da)時(shi)(shi)，旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)絲杠無螺(luo)(luo)(luo)紋端(duan)2使彈(dan)(dan)簧壓(ya)縮(suo)至(zhi)夾(jia)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)固(gu)定(ding)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)8與(yu)移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分夾(jia)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)支(zhi)撐架4圓(yuan)柱形突出部(bu)(bu)分右端(duan)面(mian)接(jie)觸，此時(shi)(shi)彈(dan)(dan)簧6不再起到(dao)自身彈(dan)(dan)力調整(zheng)夾(jia)持力的(de)(de)(de)作用。
2.2 多(duo)功能(neng)夾具(ju)靜止部分結構設計
靜止(zhi)部分(fen)(fen)夾(jia)(jia)具(ju)支(zhi)撐(cheng)架16為(wei)靜止(zhi)部分(fen)(fen)主(zhu)體(ti)，靜止(zhi)部分(fen)(fen)夾(jia)(jia)具(ju)支(zhi)撐(cheng)架16通(tong)(tong)過(guo)底(di)座(zuo)連接(jie)件(jian)(jian)17與(yu)底(di)座(zuo)用(yong)螺釘緊固在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)13與(yu)靜止(zhi)部分(fen)(fen)夾(jia)(jia)具(ju)支(zhi)撐(cheng)架16用(yong)鍵聯結(jie)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)，使二者不發生(sheng)相對(dui)運動；轉(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)13與(yu)單(dan)向軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)11內圈通(tong)(tong)過(guo)鍵連接(jie)，單(dan)向軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)11的(de)外(wai)圈與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)10通(tong)(tong)過(guo)鍵連接(jie)，由于有單(dan)向軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)11的(de)存在(zai)使得(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)10只能逆時針(zhen)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，反向自鎖；轉(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)10上(shang)有3個(ge)(ge)安(an)裝旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)端(duan)(duan)夾(jia)(jia)頭(tou)(tou)12的(de)位置，針(zhen)對(dui)不同的(de)工(gong)件(jian)(jian)在(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)10上(shang)安(an)裝與(yu)工(gong)件(jian)(jian)表面(mian)相適(shi)應的(de)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)端(duan)(duan)夾(jia)(jia)頭(tou)(tou)，這樣在(zai)更(geng)(geng)換旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)端(duan)(duan)夾(jia)(jia)頭(tou)(tou)時，只需旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)即(ji)可，也可取下旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)端(duan)(duan)夾(jia)(jia)頭(tou)(tou)進行更(geng)(geng)換，而(er)且(qie)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)還(huan)可以(yi)按照(zhao)需要使夾(jia)(jia)頭(tou)(tou)在(zai)與(yu)水(shui)平面(mian)呈(cheng)一(yi)(yi)定夾(jia)(jia)角(jiao)(例如固定楔形(xing)工(gong)件(jian)(jian))，由于旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)端(duan)(duan)夾(jia)(jia)頭(tou)(tou)與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)的(de)安(an)裝形(xing)式為(wei)六棱(leng)柱槽(cao)型(xing)形(xing)配合，所以(yi)夾(jia)(jia)頭(tou)(tou)有6個(ge)(ge)安(an)裝角(jiao)度(du)，可根據工(gong)件(jian)(jian)需要或個(ge)(ge)人習(xi)慣安(an)裝夾(jia)(jia)頭(tou)(tou)。
針對不(bu)同外(wai)(wai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)工件(jian)(jian)使用不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)頭，夾(jia)頭可以根據(ju)使用需(xu)要設(she)計為多種(zhong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式，如(ru)圖2所示。第1種(zhong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)頭適用于(yu)外(wai)(wai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)具有(you)棱角類的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)(有(you)多種(zhong)常用角度的(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)頭)；第2種(zhong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)頭適用于(yu)外(wai)(wai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)是平(ping)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)；第3種(zhong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)頭適用于(yu)外(wai)(wai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)為球(qiu)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)；第4種(zhong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)頭適用于(yu)外(wai)(wai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)為不(bu)規則(ze)曲面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)。
1-底座；2-絲杠無螺紋端(duan)；3-旋桿；4-移動(dong)部分(fen)夾(jia)具(ju)支(zhi)撐架；5-螺母；6-彈(dan)簧；7-滑(hua)桿；8-夾(jia)頭(tou)固定(ding)件；9-固定(ding)端(duan)夾(jia)頭(tou)；10-轉輪；11-單(dan)向軸(zhou)承(cheng)；12-旋轉端(duan)夾(jia)頭(tou)；13-轉輪軸(zhou)；14-滑(hua)動(dong)桿固定(ding)件；15-絲杠螺紋端(duan)；16-靜止部分(fen)夾(jia)具(ju)支(zhi)撐架；17-底座連接(jie)件；18-滑(hua)動(dong)桿；19-卡簧
圖1 夾具(ju)的主體結構
圖2 可(ke)更換夾頭結構示意圖
這(zhe)(zhe)種可調(diao)整(zheng)夾持力(li)的(de)多(duo)功能夾具(ju)，經過多(duo)次的(de)論證(zheng)(zheng)和修改最終確立(li)了設計方(fang)案(an)。我們(men)用SolidWorks軟件建(jian)立(li)了該夾具(ju)的(de)模(mo)型，進(jin)行了運動(dong)仿真分(fen)析(xi)，證(zheng)(zheng)實(shi)了結構(gou)設計的(de)合理性。這(zhe)(zhe)款夾具(ju)攜帶方(fang)便，操作(zuo)簡單，為具(ju)有曲面(mian)結構(gou)的(de)異形工件的(de)夾持固定(ding)提供(gong)了可靠的(de)保障。
我們已經將(jiang)這款(kuan)多功能夾具(ju)的設計方案向中國國家知識產權局(ju)提交了專利申請，并獲得(de)了專利授權。該專利名稱為：一種可調(diao)整夾持力(li)的夾具(ju)，專利號(hao)：ZL201520445857.4。下一步我們將(jiang)積極爭取項目資助，早日試制樣機。