先看一(yi)張汽(qi)車生(sheng)產流程圖
從流(liu)程圖上我們可(ke)以(yi)看到(dao)兩道(dao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)序(xu)，上面的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)序(xu)是車(che)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)成型(xing)，主要(yao)是沖(chong)壓、焊(han)接和(he)涂裝(zhuang)以(yi)及內(nei)飾。下面的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)序(xu)是汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心零(ling)配(pei)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)制造加工(gong)，也是兩道(dao)工(gong)序(xu)流(liu)程，一道(dao)從選(xuan)材鑄(zhu)造成型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)到(dao)機(ji)加工(gong)、熱處理、成品，一道(dao)工(gong)序(xu)是選(xuan)材鍛(duan)造成型(xing)到(dao)熱處理、機(ji)械加工(gong)、成品，兩道(dao)工(gong)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有配(pei)件裝(zhuang)配(pei)、試驗，最后(hou)和(he)車(che)身一起組(zu)裝(zhuang)成車(che)！
下面(mian)是汽車的制造工藝及過(guo)程(cheng)詳(xiang)解：
1.鑄造
鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)是(shi)將(jiang)熔化的(de)(de)金屬澆(jiao)灌(guan)入鑄(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)空腔中(zhong)，冷卻凝固后(hou)而(er)(er)獲得產品(pin)的(de)(de)生產方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。在(zai)汽車(che)(che)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，采用鑄(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)毛(mao)坯(pi)的(de)(de)零件(jian)(jian)很多，約占全車(che)(che)重(zhong)量10％左右，如氣缸體(ti)(ti)、變(bian)速器(qi)箱體(ti)(ti)、轉向(xiang)器(qi)殼體(ti)(ti)、后(hou)橋(qiao)殼體(ti)(ti)、制(zhi)(zhi)動鼓、各種支架等。制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)件(jian)(jian)通常(chang)采用砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)型(xing)。砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)型(xing)的(de)(de)原(yuan)料(liao)以(yi)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)子(zi)(zi)為(wei)主，并與粘結(jie)劑、水(shui)等混(hun)合而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)。砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)型(xing)材料(liao)必須具有一(yi)定的(de)(de)粘合強度，以(yi)便被塑成(cheng)(cheng)所需(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)形(xing)狀(zhuang)并能抵御高溫鐵(tie)水(shui)的(de)(de)沖刷(shua)而(er)(er)不(bu)會崩塌。為(wei)了(le)在(zai)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)型(xing)內(nei)塑成(cheng)(cheng)與鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)形(xing)狀(zhuang)相符的(de)(de)空腔，必須先用木材制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)模(mo)型(xing)，稱為(wei)木模(mo)。熾(chi)熱(re)的(de)(de)鐵(tie)水(shui)冷卻后(hou)體(ti)(ti)積會縮小，因(yin)此，木模(mo)的(de)(de)尺寸(cun)需(xu)(xu)要在(zai)鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)原(yuan)尺寸(cun)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上按(an)收縮率加(jia)(jia)大，需(xu)(xu)要切削加(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)表面(mian)相應(ying)加(jia)(jia)厚。空心的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)需(xu)(xu)要制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)芯子(zi)(zi)和相應(ying)的(de)(de)芯子(zi)(zi)木模(mo)(芯盒(he))。有了(le)木模(mo)，就(jiu)可以(yi)翻(fan)(fan)制(zhi)(zhi)空腔砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)型(xing)(鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)也稱為(wei)“翻(fan)(fan)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)”)。在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)型(xing)時(shi)，要考慮上下砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)箱怎樣分(fen)開才(cai)能把(ba)木模(mo)取出，還要考慮鐵(tie)水(shui)從什么地(di)方(fang)(fang)流(liu)入，怎樣灌(guan)滿空腔以(yi)便得到(dao)優質的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)。砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)型(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)，就(jiu)可以(yi)澆(jiao)注，也就(jiu)是(shi)將(jiang)鐵(tie)水(shui)灌(guan)入砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)型(xing)的(de)(de)空腔中(zhong)。澆(jiao)注時(shi)，鐵(tie)水(shui)溫度在(zai)1250—1350度，熔煉(lian)時(shi)溫度更(geng)高。
2．鍛(duan)造
在汽車制造(zao)(zao)過程(cheng)中，廣泛地采用鍛(duan)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)方(fang)法。鍛(duan)造(zao)(zao)分為自(zi)由(you)鍛(duan)造(zao)(zao)和(he)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)鍛(duan)造(zao)(zao)。自(zi)由(you)鍛(duan)造(zao)(zao)是將金屬坯料(liao)放(fang)在鐵砧(zhen)上承(cheng)受沖擊或(huo)壓(ya)力而成形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)方(fang)法(坊間稱“打(da)鐵”)。汽車的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒輪和(he)軸(zhou)(zhou)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)毛坯就是用自(zi)由(you)鍛(duan)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法加工(gong)。模(mo)(mo)型(xing)鍛(duan)造(zao)(zao)是將金屬坯料(liao)放(fang)在鍛(duan)模(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)膛(tang)內，承(cheng)受沖擊或(huo)壓(ya)力而成形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)方(fang)法。模(mo)(mo)型(xing)鍛(duan)造(zao)(zao)有點像面團在模(mo)(mo)子(zi)內被壓(ya)成餅(bing)干(gan)形(xing)(xing)狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)。與自(zi)由(you)鍛(duan)相比，模(mo)(mo)鍛(duan)所(suo)制造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)件形(xing)(xing)狀更(geng)復雜，尺寸更(geng)精確。汽車的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)鍛(duan)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)例(li)子(zi)是：發動機連桿和(he)曲(qu)軸(zhou)(zhou)、汽車前軸(zhou)(zhou)、轉向節(jie)等。
3.冷(leng)沖壓
冷沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)或板料(liao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是(shi)使金屬板料(liao)在(zai)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)模(mo)中承受壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力而(er)被(bei)切離或成形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)加工(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法。日常生(sheng)活用品，女(nv)口鋁鍋(guo)、飯盒(he)、臉盆等就是(shi)采用冷沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)加工(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法制(zhi)成。例如(ru)制(zhi)造飯盒(he)，首先需要(yao)切出長方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)并(bing)帶有(you)4個圓角(jiao)的(de)坯(pi)(pi)料(liao)(行(xing)家稱為“落料(liao)”)，然(ran)后用凸模(mo)將(jiang)這塊(kuai)(kuai)坯(pi)(pi)料(liao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)入凹模(mo)而(er)成形(xing)(xing)(xing)(行(xing)家稱為“拉深”)。在(zai)拉深工(gong)序，平面的(de)板料(liao)變為盒(he)狀，其(qi)4邊向上垂直彎曲，4個拐角(jiao)的(de)材(cai)料(liao)產生(sheng)堆(dui)聚并(bing)可看到皺褶。采用冷沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)加工(gong)的(de)汽(qi)車零(ling)件(jian)(jian)有(you)：發動機油底殼，制(zhi)動器底板，汽(qi)車車架以及大多(duo)數車身零(ling)件(jian)(jian)。這些(xie)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)一(yi)般都經(jing)過(guo)落料(liao)、沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)孔、拉深、彎曲、翻邊、修(xiu)整等工(gong)序而(er)成形(xing)(xing)(xing)。為了制(zhi)造冷沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)，必須制(zhi)備(bei)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)模(mo)。沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)模(mo)通常分為2塊(kuai)(kuai)，其(qi)中一(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)安裝在(zai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)床上方(fang)(fang)(fang)并(bing)可上下滑(hua)動，另(ling)一(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)安裝在(zai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)床下方(fang)(fang)(fang)并(bing)固定不動。生(sheng)產時(shi)，坯(pi)(pi)料(liao)放(fang)在(zai)2塊(kuai)(kuai)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)模(mo)之間，當上下模(mo)合攏(long)時(shi)，沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)工(gong)序就完成了。沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)加工(gong)的(de)生(sheng)產率很高，并(bing)可制(zhi)造形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀復(fu)雜而(er)且精度較高的(de)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)。
4.焊接
焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)是將兩片金屬局部加熱(re)或(huo)同(tong)時(shi)加熱(re)、加壓而接(jie)合在一(yi)起的(de)(de)(de)加工方法。我(wo)們常見工人一(yi)手(shou)(shou)(shou)拿(na)著面(mian)罩，另一(yi)手(shou)(shou)(shou)拿(na)著與(yu)電線相連的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)鉗(qian)和(he)(he)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)條(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)方法稱為(wei)手(shou)(shou)(shou)工電弧(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)，這(zhe)是利用(yong)(yong)電弧(hu)放電產生的(de)(de)(de)高溫(wen)熔化焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)條(tiao)和(he)(he)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)件，使之接(jie)合。手(shou)(shou)(shou)工電弧(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)在汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)制(zhi)(zhi)造中應(ying)用(yong)(yong)得不(bu)多(duo)。在汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)車(che)(che)(che)(che)身制(zhi)(zhi)造中應(ying)用(yong)(yong)最廣的(de)(de)(de)是點(dian)(dian)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)。點(dian)(dian)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)適于焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)薄鋼板(ban)，操作時(shi)，2個電極向2塊鋼板(ban)加壓力使之貼合并同(tong)時(shi)使貼合點(dian)(dian)(直(zhi)徑為(wei)5—6甽的(de)(de)(de)圓形)通(tong)電流加熱(re)熔化從(cong)而牢固接(jie)合。2塊車(che)(che)(che)(che)身零(ling)件焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)時(shi)，其邊緣(yuan)每隔50—100甽焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)一(yi)個點(dian)(dian)，使2零(ling)件形成(cheng)不(bu)連續的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)點(dian)(dian)連接(jie)。焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)好整個轎(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)車(che)(che)(che)(che)身，通(tong)常需要(yao)上千個焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)。焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)強度(du)要(yao)求(qiu)很高，每個焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)可承(cheng)受5kN的(de)(de)(de)拉力，甚至將鋼板(ban)撕裂，仍不(bu)能將焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)部位分離。在修理(li)車(che)(che)(che)(che)間常見的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)，是用(yong)(yong)乙炔燃燒并用(yong)(yong)氧(yang)氣(qi)助(zhu)燃而產生高溫(wen)火(huo)焰，使焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)條(tiao)和(he)(he)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)件熔化并接(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)方法。還(huan)可以(yi)采用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)種高溫(wen)火(huo)焰將金屬割開，稱為(wei)氣(qi)割。氣(qi)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)和(he)(he)氣(qi)割應(ying)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)靈活，但氣(qi)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)影(ying)響區較(jiao)大(da)，使焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)件產生變形和(he)(he)金相組織變化，性(xing)能下降。因(yin)此，氣(qi)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)在汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)制(zhi)(zhi)造中應(ying)用(yong)(yong)極少(shao)。
5．金(jin)屬切削(xue)加工
金(jin)屬切(qie)削加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是用刀具(ju)將金(jin)屬毛坯逐(zhu)層切(qie)削；使(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件得到(dao)所需要的形狀(zhuang)、尺寸和(he)表面粗糙度(du)的加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法。金(jin)屬切(qie)削加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)鉗(qian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)兩種方法-，鉗(qian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人用手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)進(jin)行切(qie)削的加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法，操作靈活方便，在裝配(pei)和(he)修理(li)中廣泛應用。機(ji)械(xie)(xie)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是借(jie)助于機(ji)床(chuang)來完成切(qie)削的，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：車、刨、銑、鉆和(he)磨(mo)等方法。
1)車(che)(che)削：車(che)(che)削是在車(che)(che)床(chuang)上用車(che)(che)刀(dao)加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的(de)工(gong)(gong)藝過程(cheng)。車(che)(che)床(chuang)適(shi)于(yu)切削各種旋轉表面，如內(nei)、外圓柱或圓錐面，還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)車(che)(che)削端(duan)面。汽車(che)(che)的(de)許多(duo)軸類零件(jian)(jian)以(yi)(yi)及齒輪毛坯都是在車(che)(che)床(chuang)上加工(gong)(gong)的(de)。
2)刨(bao)削：刨(bao)削是在(zai)刨(bao)床(chuang)用刨(bao)刀加工(gong)工(gong)件的工(gong)藝過程。刨(bao)床(chuang)適于加工(gong)水平面、垂(chui)直(zhi)面、斜面和(he)溝槽等。汽車(che)上(shang)的氣缸體和(he)氣缸蓋韻乎面、變速器箱體和(he)蓋的配合(he)平面等都是用刨(bao)床(chuang)加工(gong)的。
3)銑削：銑削是在銑床(chuang)上用(yong)(yong)銑刀(dao)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝過程。銑床(chuang)可以(yi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斜面、溝槽，甚至可加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)齒輪和曲面等舊銑削廣泛地應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)各種汽(qi)車零件(jian)(jian)。汽(qi)車車身冷沖壓的模(mo)具都是用(yong)(yong)銑削加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的。計算機操(cao)縱的數(shu)控(kong)銑床(chuang)可以(yi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)形狀很復雜的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)，是現代(dai)化機械加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的主要機床(chuang)。
4)鉆(zhan)削及鏜(tang)削：鉆(zhan)削和鏜(tang)削是(shi)加(jia)工孔(kong)的(de)主要切(qie)削方法。
5)磨(mo)削(xue)：磨(mo)削(xue)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)磨(mo)床上用砂輪(lun)加工(gong)工(gong)件(jian)的工(gong)藝過程。磨(mo)削(xue)是(shi)(shi)一種精加工(gong)方法(fa)，可以獲得(de)高精度和(he)粗糙度的工(gong)件(jian)，而(er)且可以磨(mo)削(xue)硬度很高的工(gong)件(jian)。一些經過熱處理后的汽車零件(jian)，均(jun)用磨(mo)床進行精加工(gong)。
6.熱(re)處(chu)理(li)
熱(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)是將固態的(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)重新加(jia)熱(re)、保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或冷(leng)卻(que)而(er)改變其組(zu)織(zhi)結構，以(yi)滿(man)足零件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)使用(yong)要(yao)(yao)求或工(gong)藝要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)方法。加(jia)熱(re)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)、保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)時間的(de)(de)長短、冷(leng)卻(que)速(su)度(du)的(de)(de)快(kuai)(kuai)慢，可使鋼(gang)(gang)產生(sheng)不同的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)變化。鐵匠(jiang)將加(jia)熱(re)的(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)浸入(ru)水中快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)冷(leng)卻(que)(行(xing)家稱為淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo))，可提(ti)高(gao)鋼(gang)(gang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)，這是熱(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)實例。熱(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)藝包括退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)、正火(huo)(huo)(huo)、淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)和回火(huo)(huo)(huo)等(deng)。退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)是將鋼(gang)(gang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)加(jia)熱(re)，保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)一定(ding)時間，隨后連同爐子(zi)—起緩慢冷(leng)卻(que)，以(yi)獲得較細(xi)而(er)均勻的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)，降低(di)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)，以(yi)利于切(qie)削(xue)加(jia)工(gong)。正火(huo)(huo)(huo)是將鋼(gang)(gang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)加(jia)熱(re)，保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)后從爐中取出，隨后在(zai)空(kong)氣中冷(leng)卻(que)，適于對低(di)碳鋼(gang)(gang)進行(xing)細(xi)化處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)。淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)是將鋼(gang)(gang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)加(jia)熱(re)，保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)后在(zai)水中或在(zai)油中快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)冷(leng)卻(que)，以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)。回火(huo)(huo)(huo)通常是淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)后續(xu)工(gong)序，將淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)后的(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)重新加(jia)熱(re)，保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)后冷(leng)卻(que)，使組(zu)織(zhi)穩定(ding)，消除脆性(xing)(xing)。有不少汽(qi)車零件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，既要(yao)(yao)保(bao)留心部的(de)(de)韌性(xing)(xing)，又要(yao)(yao)改變表(biao)(biao)面的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)，就(jiu)需要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)表(biao)(biao)面高(gao)頻淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)或滲(shen)碳、氰化等(deng)熱(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)藝。
7．裝配
裝配是按一定(ding)的要求，用聯(lian)接零件(螺(luo)栓(shuan)、螺(luo)母、銷或卡扣等)把各種零件相互(hu)聯(lian)接和組合成部(bu)(bu)件，再把各種部(bu)(bu)件相互(hu)聯(lian)接和組合成整(zheng)車。無論是(shi)把零件組合成部(bu)(bu)件，或是(shi)把部(bu)(bu)件組合成整(zheng)車，都必須滿足(zu)設計圖(tu)紙規定的相互(hu)配(pei)合關系，以使部(bu)(bu)件或整(zheng)車達到預定的性能。例如，將變(bian)速器裝配(pei)到離合器殼上時，必須使變(bian)速器輸(shu)入軸(zhou)的中(zhong)心線與發動機曲軸(zhou)的中(zhong)心線對準。這(zhe)種對中(zhong)心的方式(shi)不是(shi)在裝配(pei)時由裝配(pei)工人(鉗工)來調(diao)節，而是由設計(ji)和加(jia)工(gong)制造(zao)來保(bao)證。如果你到(dao)汽(qi)車(che)制造(zao)廠參觀，最引人(ren)人(ren)勝的是汽(qi)車(che)總裝配(pei)(pei)線(xian)。在這(zhe)條(tiao)總裝配(pei)(pei)線(xian)上，每隔幾分(fen)鐘就駛下一輛汽(qi)車(che)。以我國一汽(qi)的解(jie)放牌貨車(che)總裝配(pei)(pei)線(xian)為例。這(zhe)條(tiao)裝配(pei)(pei)線(xian)是一條(tiao)165m長的傳(chuan)送(song)(song)鏈，汽車(che)隨著傳(chuan)送(song)(song)鏈移動(dong)至各個(ge)工位并(bing)逐步裝成(cheng)，四周還有輸(shu)送(song)(song)懸鏈把發動(dong)機總成(cheng)、駕(jia)駛(shi)室總成(cheng)、車(che)輪總成(cheng)等源源不(bu)斷地(di)從各個(ge)車(che)間(jian)輸(shu)送(song)(song)到總裝配(pei)線(xian)上(shang)的相應工位。在傳(chuan)送(song)(song)鏈的起(qi)始位置首先放上(shang)車(che)架(底朝天)，然后將后橋(qiao)總成(cheng)(包(bao)括鋼板彈簧和輪轂)和前橋總成(cheng)(包括(kuo)鋼板彈簧、轉向節和輪轂(gu))安(an)裝到(dao)車架上，繼而將車架翻過來以便(bian)安(an)裝轉向(xiang)器(qi)、貯氣筒和制動管路、油箱(xiang)及(ji)油管、電(dian)線以及(ji)車輪等，最后安(an)裝發動機總(zong)成(包括離合器(qi)(qi)、變速(su)器(qi)(qi)和(he)中央制動(dong)器(qi)(qi))，接上傳動軸,再安裝駕(jia)駛室(shi)和車前板制件等(deng)。至(zhi)此，汽車就可(ke)以駛下裝配線。
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