在許多(duo)專業(ye)機(ji)(ji)械設備和大型結構件(jian)的(de)(de)制造行(xing)業(ye)里，碳鋼(gang)板(ban)的(de)(de)使用(yong)相當廣泛，比如在工(gong)程(cheng)、能源、礦業(ye)機(ji)(ji)械行(xing)業(ye)，不少產(chan)品(pin)采(cai)用(yong)厚度為6～20mm的(de)(de)鋼(gang)板(ban)，這類鋼(gang)板(ban)有(you)些是(shi)(shi)不帶(dai)中空的(de)(de)平板(ban)料，而(er)(er)大多(duo)數則(ze)是(shi)(shi)孔洞率達30%的(de)(de)板(ban)料，其(qi)規(gui)格及尺(chi)寸(cun)因產(chan)品(pin)和用(yong)途而(er)(er)異，小(xiao)到長(chang)寬尺(chi)寸(cun)不足100mm，大到長(chang)10m、寬1～2m，尺(chi)寸(cun)規(gui)格不一(yi)而(er)(er)足。這些碳鋼(gang)板(ban)經過等離子切(qie)割(ge)或氧氣切(qie)割(ge)等方式(shi)下(xia)料后，在切(qie)割(ge)邊沿(yan)留下(xia)形態各異的(de)(de)飛邊、熔(rong)渣和毛刺，這些熔(rong)渣、毛刺是(shi)(shi)必須去除的(de)(de)（圖(tu)1），銳(rui)邊也必須倒圓角處理。
圖(tu)1 等離子切(qie)割下料后的碳鋼板 人工研磨處理
圖2 打(da)磨品質欠佳 目前(qian)，大多(duo)數企業(ye)對熱(re)切割后的(de)(de)(de)碳鋼板進(jin)行(xing)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)表面(mian)處理，主(zhu)要(yao)采用(yong)手(shou)砂輪、刮刀(dao)、鋼錘等手(shou)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)進(jin)行(xing)敲擊式(shi)、掃(sao)磨式(shi)加工(gong)(gong)。這種(zhong)打磨方(fang)式(shi)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)弊端有(you)：⑴品(pin)質問(wen)(wen)題，打磨的(de)(de)(de)均勻性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)徹底性(xing)差（圖2），影響后續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)折彎(wan)、噴涂等工(gong)(gong)序以及產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體外觀與內在(zai)質量。⑵效(xiao)(xiao)率問(wen)(wen)題，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)打磨的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)率很難掌握和(he)(he)(he)(he)統計，完全依(yi)靠員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)狀態和(he)(he)(he)(he)熟(shu)練度，且效(xiao)(xiao)率的(de)(de)(de)保障(zhang)性(xing)差。⑶環保問(wen)(wen)題，敲擊和(he)(he)(he)(he)打磨的(de)(de)(de)粉塵與碎渣(zha)四濺，嚴重(zhong)污(wu)染工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)區(qu)域內外的(de)(de)(de)大氣質量和(he)(he)(he)(he)環境。⑷勞保問(wen)(wen)題，空氣的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染是主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題。此外，研磨工(gong)(gong)件產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)飛渣(zha)和(he)(he)(he)(he)搬運笨重(zhong)工(gong)(gong)件是造成員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)身傷(shang)害事故的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大隱患。
圖3 干法單面研磨方案
圖(tu)4 干(gan)法雙面研磨生產線(xian) 機械研磨處理近(jin)年來，有(you)些企業也試圖采用機械(xie)方(fang)式處(chu)理工件的熔(rong)渣(zha)和毛刺(ci)問題。從目前的市場來看，大(da)致有(you)兩種解決方(fang)案。 第一種(zhong)是傳統(tong)的(de)干法單(dan)面(mian)研(yan)(yan)磨(mo)(mo)方案(an)，通過式持續送料(liao)研(yan)(yan)磨(mo)(mo)，工(gong)作臺面(mian)頂部(bu)設置若干研(yan)(yan)磨(mo)(mo)工(gong)位即(ji)(ji)打(da)(da)磨(mo)(mo)頭，采(cai)用(yong)相似的(de)研(yan)(yan)磨(mo)(mo)介質對工(gong)件做持續性研(yan)(yan)磨(mo)(mo)。采(cai)用(yong)的(de)研(yan)(yan)磨(mo)(mo)介質基(ji)本上屬(shu)于布基(ji)砂帶及其變種(zhong)的(de)打(da)(da)磨(mo)(mo)頭（圖3），這類打(da)(da)磨(mo)(mo)頭在(zai)研(yan)(yan)磨(mo)(mo)頑固的(de)熔(rong)(rong)渣時(shi)，砂帶的(de)使用(yong)壽命將大(da)(da)打(da)(da)折扣，去毛刺加(jia)(jia)工(gong)時(shi)30～50小(xiao)時(shi)的(de)壽命，一旦做去除熔(rong)(rong)渣處理(li)則(ze)立即(ji)(ji)縮減(jian)為10小(xiao)時(shi)以(yi)內(nei)，不僅(jin)耗(hao)材成(cheng)本大(da)(da)，更(geng)換(huan)耗(hao)材的(de)時(shi)間(jian)和頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)所造成(cheng)的(de)時(shi)間(jian)浪費更(geng)是巨大(da)(da)。另外，一般情況下工(gong)件需要(yao)雙面(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)處理(li)，使用(yong)這種(zhong)單(dan)面(mian)研(yan)(yan)磨(mo)(mo)方案(an)，單(dan)面(mian)打(da)(da)磨(mo)(mo)后，工(gong)件需要(yao)翻轉并二(er)次進料(liao)才可(ke)完成(cheng)最(zui)終的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)要(yao)求，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低(di)了加(jia)(jia)工(gong)效率(lv)(lv)。 第二種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)目(mu)前最為領先(xian)的(de)(de)(de)干(gan)法雙面(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)，生產(chan)線(xian)式(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，通過(guo)式(shi)持續(xu)送(song)料(liao)研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)由(you)若(ruo)干(gan)組(zu)上下相對的(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)持輥筒夾(jia)持，通過(guo)機(ji)體(ti)內部上下對稱分布的(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)(mo)頭分別(bie)進行去除熔(rong)渣、去毛(mao)刺(ci)、倒圓角(jiao)處理（圖4）。這種(zhong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)優勢可(ke)圈可(ke)點(dian)：第一(yi)(yi)，加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)果徹底、干(gan)凈(jing)，無殘存熔(rong)渣和(he)毛(mao)刺(ci)。第二，單(dan)件(jian)(jian)與整批工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)處理效(xiao)果一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)，這是(shi)(shi)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)無法比擬的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。第三，加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率高(gao)，采用(yong)雙面(mian)同(tong)時(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)先(xian)進技(ji)術(shu)，比傳統的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)式(shi)提(ti)升效(xiao)率至(zhi)少(shao)60%，以尺寸為400mm×100mm的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)為例(li)，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要求下，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作臺寬(kuan)為1500mm的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)線(xian)每小時(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)數達(da)1600件(jian)(jian)，產(chan)能是(shi)(shi)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)40～50倍(bei)，是(shi)(shi)傳統機(ji)械加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)5～7倍(bei)。第四，節約大量人力資源，生產(chan)線(xian)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續(xu)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，只需在上下料(liao)側配備2名員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就可(ke)達(da)到四五(wu)十名員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)才能達(da)到的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)能。第五(wu)，節能環保，生產(chan)線(xian)配置了高(gao)效(xiao)除塵系統，研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)粉塵嚴(yan)格控制在機(ji)體(ti)內部并被除塵機(ji)完全收(shou)集(ji)，粉塵氣體(ti)經過(guo)過(guo)濾可(ke)以直排。然而，這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)線(xian)價格高(gao)昂，對于(yu)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)中小企業來說無疑是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)筆不(bu)小的(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)。 由上(shang)可知,COPD合并肺(fei)心(xin)病心(xin)力衰竭患者心(xin)功能(neng)與其血(xue)清炎(yan)性細胞因子、BNP水平(ping)呈正相(xiang)關,臨床(chuang)中在(zai)對患者進行診斷和治療時需把握其內在(zai)聯系(xi)。 由此(ci)可(ke)見(jian)，傳統的機械式(shi)打磨無法從根本上(shang)滿足技術和(he)批(pi)量要求，而先進的生產工(gong)藝裝(zhuang)備雖然完全滿足技術和(he)批(pi)量要求，但是高額(e)的設備投入只能把(ba)一(yi)些想有作為但實力有限的企業拒之門外。 SPOC課(ke)(ke)堂上教師主要講解(jie)重(zhong)點(dian)與難點(dian)，解(jie)答學(xue)(xue)(xue)生在課(ke)(ke)程學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)中(zhong)出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)疑問，通過教師與學(xue)(xue)(xue)生面對面的(de)(de)互動(dong)，進(jin)行個別指導與交流(liu)，檢(jian)查(cha)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)表現(xian)及(ji)完成(cheng)測試(shi)的(de)(de)情況，安(an)排(pai)下(xia)一(yi)次(ci)課(ke)(ke)前的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)任務(wu)、組(zu)織學(xue)(xue)(xue)生參(can)加小組(zu)項目(mu)或實驗等(deng)。課(ke)(ke)后(hou)，授課(ke)(ke)教師需要及(ji)時對SPOC課(ke)(ke)堂進(jin)行總(zong)結、對翻(fan)轉課(ke)(ke)堂的(de)(de)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)內容(rong)、教學(xue)(xue)(xue)手(shou)段和教學(xue)(xue)(xue)方法進(jin)行反思與創(chuang)新，督促學(xue)(xue)(xue)生按時完成(cheng)在線學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)系(xi)統中(zhong)的(de)(de)單元測試(shi)題(ti)。 2)國(guo)外(wai)注(zhu)重(zhong)面(mian)向聽障(zhang)學(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)課(ke)相關教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)視頻資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)應用策(ce)略集效果的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)，在(zai)(zai)應用策(ce)略研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)方面(mian)注(zhu)重(zhong)：①提(ti)供視覺的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)造性教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)及媒(mei)體服務；②注(zhu)重(zhong)聽障(zhang)學(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)參與協作(zuo)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)；③注(zhu)重(zhong)視覺資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)平臺(tai)建(jian)設；④注(zhu)重(zhong)視頻資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)聽障(zhang)學(xue)(xue)生評價方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)；⑤在(zai)(zai)應用效果方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)則注(zhu)重(zhong)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)視頻資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)課(ke)堂教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)中的(de)(de)(de)應用研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)。
圖5 多工位干法單面綜合加工設備 圖6 加工前后的工件狀態 多工位干法單面綜合處理2018年10月(yue)，在(zai)歐洲最大(da)的(de)鈑金加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術與裝備(bei)(bei)展覽會EUROBLECH上，我們(men)看到了一款新型的(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設備(bei)(bei)——多工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位(wei)干法單面綜合加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設備(bei)(bei)（圖(tu)5）。時隔不久，這款攜帶最新加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)念(nian)和技(ji)(ji)術特色的(de)設備(bei)(bei)被引(yin)入中國市場。該設備(bei)(bei)的(de)基本設計理(li)念(nian)是(shi)，把前沿(yan)的(de)熔(rong)渣(zha)(zha)去除技(ji)(ji)術和毛刺(ci)、銳邊(bian)打磨倒(dao)鈍(dun)技(ji)(ji)術巧妙地(di)融合在(zai)一個(ge)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)上，從而在(zai)一臺(tai)(tai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設備(bei)(bei)上實現一次進料(liao)同時完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)去除熔(rong)渣(zha)(zha)、去除毛刺(ci)、銳邊(bian)倒(dao)圓角等多種加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)，滿足了原(yuan)來由一條生產(chan)線才(cai)能完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)的(de)多重(zhong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要求。 這臺新設備(bei)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)了三(san)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布局(ju)，第一(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位采(cai)(cai)用(yong)兩(liang)條特殊鋼材料(liao)制成的(de)鋼錘敲擊帶，通過(guo)(guo)水平相向敲擊式(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，達(da)到(dao)去(qu)除工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件表(biao)面(mian)(mian)熔渣的(de)目的(de)；第二工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位采(cai)(cai)用(yong)立式(shi)砂(sha)帶表(biao)面(mian)(mian)研(yan)(yan)磨(mo)技術，通過(guo)(guo)作用(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)單向、高速(su)磨(mo)削，起到(dao)去(qu)除豎立的(de)毛(mao)刺或(huo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件表(biao)面(mian)(mian)清理、研(yan)(yan)磨(mo)的(de)作用(yong)；第三(san)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位采(cai)(cai)用(yong)萬向旋轉輥筒磨(mo)頭(tou)組合對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件表(biao)面(mian)(mian)進行(xing)全覆(fu)蓋立體式(shi)研(yan)(yan)磨(mo)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，達(da)到(dao)去(qu)除殘余和(he)二次毛(mao)刺的(de)目的(de)，并使(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件表(biao)面(mian)(mian)內孔和(he)外沿銳邊實現(xian)均勻一(yi)致的(de)倒圓角效果。三(san)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位可以并聯運作也(ye)可進行(xing)單獨(du)控制，可以依(yi)據(ju)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)求和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件的(de)不(bu)同原始狀態，單獨(du)調控其(qi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)參數(shu)和(he)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模式(shi)。 新(xin)(xin)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術裝備(bei)必將帶來(lai)(lai)不同(tong)以往的(de)效果，相(xiang)(xiang)比于(yu)傳統(tong)的(de)打磨(mo)(mo)設(she)備(bei)來(lai)(lai)說，這臺新(xin)(xin)設(she)備(bei)破解了熔(rong)渣去(qu)除(chu)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)難題；相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)于(yu)先進的(de)生產(chan)線而(er)(er)言，盡(jin)管其單(dan)面加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)模式使之(zhi)在加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效率(lv)上還無法與它匹敵，但是新(xin)(xin)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術裝備(bei)集(ji)整個生產(chan)線的(de)三種(zhong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)能(neng)和研磨(mo)(mo)處理技術于(yu)一身，實(shi)現了單(dan)機化、多目標的(de)集(ji)約式加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)處理，同(tong)時(shi)大大節約了設(she)備(bei)的(de)占地面積。據統(tong)計(ji)，新(xin)(xin)機器(qi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)300mm×200mm工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)時(shi)可以達(da)到每小時(shi)800件(jian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)力，相(xiang)(xiang)當于(yu)同(tong)等時(shi)間(jian)20～30人手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)效率(lv)。更(geng)重要的(de)是，熔(rong)渣、毛(mao)刺去(qu)除(chu)得(de)干凈(jing)徹底，圓(yuan)角更(geng)加(jia)(jia)均勻，產(chan)品外(wai)觀品質(zhi)大幅(fu)提升（圖6），相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)生產(chan)線而(er)(er)言，設(she)備(bei)的(de)采購成(cheng)本也大大降低。 |
